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Compact Circuit Models and Extraction

Research Area: Design and Modeling for Integrated Photonics, Large-scale Photonic Integration, Photonics-electronics convergence, Silicon Photonics Process Technology

Main Researcher: Yufei Xing

As Photonic integrated circuits become larger, the simulation of circuits becomes more important. But a circuit simulation is only as accurate as the models of the individual building blocks.

A good circuit model is fast, accurate and can capture the relevant physical effects. Such models can be implemented as mathematical expressions of the physical processes (white-box model) or as mathematical expressions that have no relation with the physics but mimic the correct response (black-box models).

We develop compact models based on both techniques for the elementary building blocks. Together with the models, we also develop the needed parameter extraction algorithms and test-suites, so the models can be populated based on actually fabricated devices.

Stochastic transmission model for waveguides
Stochastic transmission model for waveguides

A simple example of a device model that can be more complicated that originally conceived is that of the waveguide. The basic description of the waveguide is the effective index and the propagation loss. However, in a real waveguide the effective index is wavelength dependent. Extracting the effective index directly is far from straightforward. For this, we developed an extraction technique to measure the wavelength dependent effective index on a chip.

The propagation losses are equally complicated: in a real waveguide some light will be backreflected, and subsequenly recycled in a coherent way. This impacts the propagation loss, and the transmission becomes a stochastic process. Similar processes occur in directional couplers, grating couplers, ...

Effective index extraction of a waveguide
Effective index extraction of a waveguide

Because backscattering in waveguides cause parasitic reflections, this can have an effect on larger circuit elements. For instance, in a ring resonator we see different origins of reflections, which contribute to a resonance splitting. By capturing those effects in a model, we can extract the properties for individual ring resonators and reliably model their behavior.

Ring resonator model
Ring resonator model

Other people involved:

PhD thesises

Publications

    International Journals

  1. Z. Goa, X. Chen, Z. Zhang, U. Chakraborty, W. Bogaerts, D. Boning, Gradient-Based Power Efficient Functional Synthesis for Programmable Photonic Circuits, Journal of Lightwave Technologies, 42(17), p.5956-5965 doi:10.1109/JLT.2024.3400942 (2024)  Download this Publication (3MB).
  2. S. Shekhar, W. Bogaerts, L. Chrostowski, J.E. Bowers, M. Hochberg, R. Soref, B.J. Shastri, Silicon Photonics -- Roadmapping the Next Generation, Nature Communications (invited), 15(1), p.article 751 (15 pages) doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44750-0 (2024).
  3. T. Ullrick, D. Spina, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Wideband Parametric Baseband Macromodeling of Linear and Passive Photonic Circuits via Complex Vector Fitting, Scientific Reports, 13, p.Article number 15407 (22 pages) (2023)  Download this Publication (3.2MB).
  4. Y. Xing, J. Dong, U. Khan, W. Bogaerts, Capturing the effects of spatial process variations in silicon photonic circuits, ACS Photonics, doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01194 (2022)  Download this Publication (14.6MB).
  5. Y. Ye, T. Ullrick, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, D. Spina, SPICE-compatible equivalent circuit models for accurate time-domain simulations of passive photonic integrated circuits, Journal of Lightwave Technologies, 40(24), p.7856 - 7868 doi:10.1109/JLT.2022.3206818 (2022)  Download this Publication (4.7MB).
  6. D. Spina, Y. Ye, D. Deschrijver, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Complex Vector Fitting toolbox: a software package for the modeling and simulation of general linear and passive baseband systems, Electronics Letters, 57(10), p.404-406 doi:10.1049/ell2.12116 (2021)  Download this Publication (792KB).
  7. Y. Xing, M. Wang, A. Ruocco, J. Geessels, U. Khan, W. Bogaerts, A Compact Silicon Photonics Circuit to Extract Multiple Parameters for Process Control Monitoring, OSA Continuum, 3(2), p.379-390 doi:10.1364/OSAC.383711 (2020)  Download this Publication (1.3MB).
  8. Y. Ye, M. Wang, D. Spina, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Time-domain characterization of photonic integrated filters subject to fabrication variations, Journal of Lightwave Technologies, 37(21), p.5561-5570 doi:10.1109/JLT.2019.2933311 (2019)  Download this Publication (2.2MB).
  9. Y. Ye, D. Spina, D. Deschrijver, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Time-domain compact macromodeling of linear photonic circuits via complex vector fitting, Photonics Research, 7(7), p.771-782 doi:10.1364/PRJ.7.000771 (2019)  Download this Publication (2.2MB).
  10. U. Khan, Y. Xing, Y. Ye, W. Bogaerts, Photonic integrated circuits design in a foundry+fabless ecosystem, Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (invited), 25(5), p.paper 8201014 doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2019.2918949 (2019)  Download this Publication (3.6MB).
  11. F. Laporte, J. Dambre, P. Bienstman, Highly parallel simulation and optimization of photonic circuits in time and frequency domain based on the deep-learning framework PyTorch, Scientific Reports, 9(1), p.5918 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42408-2 (2019)  Download this Publication (1.3MB).
  12. Y. Ye, D. Spina, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Baseband Macromodeling of Linear Photonic Circuits for Time-Domain Simulations, Journal of Lightwave Technologies, 37(4), doi:10.1109/JLT.2019.2893545 (2019)  Download this Publication (1.1MB).
  13. Y. Xing, J. Dong, S. Dwivedi, U. Khan, W. Bogaerts, Accurate Extraction of Fabricated Geometry Using Optical Measurement, Photonics Research, 6 (11), p.1008-1020 doi:10.1364/PRJ.6.001008 (2018)  Download this Publication (3.5MB).
  14. Y. Ye, D. Spina, Y. Xing, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Numerical modeling of a linear photonic system for accurate and efficient time-domain simulations, Photonics Research, 6(6), p.560-573 doi:10.1364/PRJ.6.000560 (2018)  Download this Publication (2.5MB).
  15. A. Li, W. Bogaerts, Backcoupling manipulation in silicon ring resonators, Photonics Research, 6(6), p.620-629 doi:10.1364/PRJ.6.000620 (2018)  Download this Publication (2.6MB).
  16. W. Bogaerts, L. Chrostowski, Silicon Photonics Circuit Design: Methods, Tools and Challenges, Lasers & Photonics Reviews (invited), 12(4), p.1700237 (29 pages) doi:10.1002/lpor.201700237 (2018)  Download this Publication (2.8MB).
  17. A. Kaintura, D. Spina, I. Couckuyt, L.Knockaert, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, A Kriging and Stochastic Collocation ensemble for uncertainty quantification in engineering applications, Engineering with Computers, p.1-15 doi:10.1007/s00366-017-0507-0 (2017)  Download this Publication (2.5MB).
  18. A. Li, W. Bogaerts, Fundamental Suppression of Backscattering in Silicon Microrings, Optics Express, 25(3), p.2092-2099 doi:10.1364/OE.25.002092 (2017)  Download this Publication (2.5MB).
  19. A. Li, T. Van Vaerenbergh, P. De Heyn, P. Bienstman, W. Bogaerts, Backscattering in Silicon Microring Resonators: A Quantitative Analysis, Laser & Photonics Reviews, 10(3), p.420-431 doi:10.1002/lpor.201500207 (2016)  Download this Publication (1.3MB).
  20. Y. Xing, D. Spina, A. Li, T. Dhaene, W. Bogaerts, Stochastic Collocation for Device-level Variability Analysis in Integrated Photonics, Photonics Research, doi:10.1364/PRJ.4.000093 (2016)  Download this Publication (782KB).
  21. S. Dwivedi, A. Ruocco, M. Vanslembrouck, T. Spuesens, P. Bienstman, P. Dumon, T. Van Vaerenbergh, W. Bogaerts, Experimental Extraction of Effective Refractive Index and Thermo-Optic Coefficients of Silicon-On-Insulator Waveguides using Interferometers, Journal of Lightwave Technology , 33(21), p.4471 - 4477  doi:10.1109/JLT.2015.2476603 (2015)  Download this Publication (854KB).
      International Conferences

    1. T. Ullrick, D. Deschrijver, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Wideband Complex Vector Fitting for Modeling Time Delay Variations in Passive Photonic Filters, 32nd IEEE Conference on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, United States, p.T-II.1 doi:10.1109/EPEPS58208.2023.10314930 (2023)  Download this Publication (1MB).
    2. W. Bogaerts, SC454 Hands on: Silicon Photonics Design - Circuits, Optical Fiber Communication Conference (invited), SC454, United States, (2022)  Download this Publication (12.5MB).
    3. W. Bogaerts, Hands-on: Introduction to Silicon Photonics Circuit Design, Optical Fiber Communication Conference (invited), SC454, United States, (2021)  Download this Publication (19.3MB).
    4. Y. Ye, D. Spina, D. Deschrijver, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Efficient time-domain modeling and simulation of passive bandpass systems, 2019 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Spain, p.0992-0996 doi:10.1109/ICEAA.2019.8879314 (2019)  Download this Publication (316KB).
    5. U. Khan, Y. Xing, W. Bogaerts, Parameter extraction, variability analysis and yield prediction of the photonic integrated circuits., Advanced Photonics Congress (invited), United States, p.paper IM3A.2 (2019)  Download this Publication (780KB).
    6. F. Laporte, J. Dambre, P. Bienstman, Photontorch: Simulation and Optimization of Large Photonic Circuits Using the Deep Learning Framework PyTorch, IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topicals, United States, p.paper WE1.2 doi:10.1109/phosst.2019.8794941 (2019)  Download this Publication (271KB).
    7. Y. Xing, M. Wang, A. Ruocco, J. Geessels, U. Khan, W. Bogaerts, Extracting Multiple Parameters from a Compact Circuit for Performance Evaluation, European Conference on Integrated Optics (ECIO 2019), Belgium, p.W.Po1.9 (2019)  Download this Publication (1.8MB).
    8. U. Khan, Y. Xing, A. Ribeiro, W. Bogaerts, Extracting Coupling Coefficients of Directional Couplers, European Conference on Integrated Optics (ECIO 2019), Belgium, p.W.Po.1.8 (2019)  Download this Publication (1MB).
    9. R. Baets, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, Hands-on: Introduction to Silicon Photonics Circuit Design, Optical Fiber Communication Conference (invited), SC454, United States, (2019).
    10. Y. Xing, J. Dong, U. Khan, Y. Ye, D. Spina, T. Dhaene, W. Bogaerts, From Parameter Extraction, Variability Models to Yield_Prediction, Latin America Optics & Photonics Conference (invited), Peru, p.paper W3E.1 (3 pages) doi:10.1364/LAOP.2018.W3E.1 (2018)  Download this Publication (1.5MB).
    11. Y. Ye, D. Spina, Y. Xing, W. Bogaerts, T. Dhaene, Fast and Accurate Time-Domain Simulation of Passive Photonic Systems, IEEE International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Colombia, p.396-399 doi:10.1109/ICEAA.2018.8520462 (2018)  Download this Publication (363KB).
    12. W. Bogaerts, Hands-on: Introduction to Silicon Photonics Circuit Design, Optical Fiber Communication Conference (invited), SC454, United States, (2018)  Download this Publication (14.3MB).
    13. Y. Xing, U. Khan, A. Ribeiro, W. Bogaerts, Behavior Model for Directional Coupler, 2017 IEEE Photonics Society Benelux Annual Symposium, Netherlands, p.128-131 (2017)  Download this Publication (677KB).
    14. W. Bogaerts, Scaling Up Silicon Photonic Circuits: Where Are the Challenges?, International Workshop on Optical/Photonic Interconnects for Computing Systems (OPTICS Workshop) (invited), 3, Switzerland, (2017)  Download this Publication (275KB).
    15. A. Li, Y. Xing, R. Van Laer, R. Baets, W. Bogaerts, Extreme Spectral Transmission Fluctuations in Silicon Nanowires Induced by Backscattering, IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics 2016, China, p.paper FB4 (2 pages) doi:10.1109/GROUP4.2016.7739068 (2016)  Download this Publication (2.4MB).
    16. Y. Xing, A. Li, R. Van Laer, R. Baets, W. Bogaerts, Backscatter Model for Nanoscale Silicon Waveguides , 24th International Workshop on Optical Wave & Waveguide Theory and Numerical Modelling (OWTNM 2016), Poland, p.paper OWTNM/O-18 (2016)  Download this Publication (615KB).
    17. A. Li, T. Van Vaerenbergh, P. De Heyn, Y. Xing, P. Bienstman, W. Bogaerts, Experimentally demonstrate the origin for asymmetric resonance splitting and contributions from couplers to backscattering in SOI microrings, Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nano Photonics (IPR 2015), United States, p.IM2B.6 doi:10.1364/iprsn.2015.im2b.6 (2015)  Download this Publication (1.4MB).
    18. S. Dwivedi, T. Van Vaerenbergh, A. Ruocco, T. Spuesens, P. Bienstman, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, Measurements of Effective Refractive Index of SOI Waveguides using Interferometers, Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nano Photonics (IPR 2015), United States, p.IM2A.6 doi:10.1364/iprsn.2015.im2a.6 (2015)  Download this Publication (1.4MB).
    19. A. Ruocco, M. Fiers, M. Vanslembrouck, T. Van Vaerenbergh, W. Bogaerts, Multi-parameter extraction from SOI photonic integrated circuits using circuit simulation and evolutionary algorithms, Proc. SPIE, Smart Photonic and Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits XVII, 9366, United States, p.936606 doi:10.1117/12.2077564 (2015)  Download this Publication (3.8MB).

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